Which of the following is a problem that can occur in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is critical in ensuring that food is properly propelled from the throat into the esophagus. During this phase, the swallowing reflex is triggered, and several important actions take place, such as the elevation of the larynx and the closure of the airway to prevent aspiration.

Having food or liquid leftover in the throat indicates that the swallowing process has not been completed effectively. This can be due to various reasons, such as reduced musculature or coordination in the pharyngeal muscles, leading to inadequate propulsion of the bolus into the esophagus. If there is a failure to move the food or liquid completely through the pharynx, it can result in residue remaining in the throat, which is indeed a specific problem associated with this phase.

Coughing before swallowing generally occurs at an earlier stage, often linked to difficulties in the oral preparatory phase or anticipatory phase rather than the pharyngeal phase itself. Inability to initiate swallowing can refer to issues more broadly across the entire swallowing process, and while it might overlap with pharyngeal difficulties, it doesn't specifically indicate a phase-related problem. Increased saliva production is unrelated to the mechanical process of swallowing and is more of a physiological response that does